Ceramics consist of oxides, carbides, nitrides, carbon, and other non-metals with high melting points. Ceramics are suitable for applications requiring wear resistance, refractoriness, low electrical resistivity, or other specialized characteristics.
Chemical testing companies test liquid, gas, powder, or solid substances that have a distinct molecular composition and are produced by a chemical process.
Composites are solid materials comprised of two or more substances, each with distinct properties. When merged, each substance retains its own characteristics while imparting the entire composition with beneficial properties. For example, composites include plastic materials in which a fibrous framework is embedded for greater structural stability.
Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, and aggregate. Mortar contains these same ingredients along with hydrated lime and sand to facilitate workability and decrease working time.
Cosmetics include creams, rouge, lotions, eyeliner, sunblocks, sunscreens, lip gloss, tanning aids, and other formulations applied to the skin for beautification or environmental protection.
Fuel cells electrochemically combine oxygen from air with a fuel such as hydrogen from methanol, or natural gas or petroleum in order to produce electricity and heat. Batteries are devices that convert energy into electrical current, usually through a chemical or galvanic process between electrodes and electrolytes.
Gases include argon, carbon dioxide, phosphine, nitrogen, oxygen, mixed gases, semiconductor gases, medical gases, process gases, and other specialty gases.
Metals include electropositive elements that are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, and that can be melted or fused, hammered into thin sheets, or drawn into wires.
Nanomaterials are metals, ceramics, polymeric materials, or composite materials with a crystal or feature size in the range of 1 - 100 nm. Nanotechnology products are consolidated materials or devices that utilize nanostructures.
Plastic or rubber testing companies test any of various organic compounds produced by polymerization. These materials can be molded, cast, or extruded into various shapes and films. Rubbers and elastomers are polymers that exhibit very high elasticity and resilience compared to plastic polymeric materials.
Thin films or plating testing companies analyze the composition, thickness, surface roughness and/or properties of thin films or deposition. Thin films can be made using physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrodeposition, plating, and other techniques. Suppliers may also have the complimentary capability for analysis of thin film precursors such as sputtering targets, evaporation materials, anodes, or plating baths.
Wafer / surface testing companies analyze the composition, thickness, surface roughness, and/or properties of wafers, substrates, and other precision-surfaced materials. Wafer or surface testing is used in semiconductor, electronic, optical, and medical applications.
Welds / joints testing applies to weldment, braze, solder, or other joints and fabrications. They may also provide testing services for weld procedure specification development (WPS), process qualification record (PQR) or welder certification.
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Cleanliness monitoring samples and/or test the cleanliness levels or identifies contamination in cleanrooms through evaluations of cleanroom air, work surfaces, labware, tools, and/or equipment.
Deformulation is used to determine the composition and structure or plastics, composites, rubber compounds, and adhesives. Ashing studies are often performed to provide the percentage of fillers and reinforcements, fiber orientation, and/or weave pattern. Various analytical techniques are used to determine filler, reinforcement and resin, or matrix composition. Reverse engineering methods can also be applied to metal alloys, ceramics, and cement samples. A reverse engineering study of a metal component might determine alloy constituents, manufacturing process (cast, forged, etc.), and properties (conductivity, hardness, etc.). Often, the plastic or alloy grade can be inferred based on the reverse engineering results.
Geotechnical services apply the science of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, engineering geology, and other related disciplines to engineering and environmental projects.
Purity testing companies have the ability to analyze and characterize air, water, food, or other product samples for quality or purity. For example, water quality or purity is often evaluated using Source Drinking Water Analysis (SDWA) methods.
Sample retention holds samples for a period of time after testing. The supplier may retain the samples for an extended period of time for an additional storage fee.
Standards testing services verify that materials meet established standards by organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Sunlight exposure or solar simulation testing evaluates a material or chemical product's resistance to UV or simulated sunlight exposure. UV resistant or high weatherability materials will not degrade as fast or at all after extended exposure to sunlight.
Umpire testing compares the test results of the same sample, which have been tested by different laboratories. Umpire assayers or referee testers compare the two or more other labs results to their own rigorous internal assays or tests. Interlaboratory comparisons, round robins, or proficiency testing services are a valuable continuous improvement tool that translates into improved measurement quality.
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Acoustic microscopy or scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a non-destructive testing technique used to analyze acoustic properties and locate voids, cracks, and other defects.
Atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers use light absorption to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. An analyte, usually a solid or liquid, is vaporized in a flame or in a graphite furnace with a temperature of 1000° - 1200° K. Atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and achieve higher energy levels. Absorption amounts determine the analyte concentration.
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique that examines material surfaces for low-energy, valance electrons. These low-energy, secondary electrons are used to identify elemental composition.
Chromatography separates compounds by their distribution between two phases and produced chromatograms. Examples include ion chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography (GC).
Combustion analysis determines the presence and content of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and sulfur (S). Combustion is an exothermic chemical reaction due to rapid oxidation or burning. It typically releases heat and light.
Hermeticity testing (fine leak testing, gross leak testing) ensures that electronic components and packages are sealed properly to provide protection from moisture and other contaminants.
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a very high temperature (7000° - 8000° K) excitation source that efficiently desolvates, vaporizes, excites, and ionizes atoms. Molecular interferences are greatly reduced with this excitation source, but are not completely eliminated. ICP sources are used to excite atoms for atomic emission spectroscopy and to ionize atoms for mass spectrometry.
Laser ablation (LA) is used in conjunction with ICP techniques to analyze solid samples. A laser is used to extract a minute volume from the surface of the solid sample on the order of 10 microns in diameter.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy measures the wavelength and intensity of the absorption of infrared light by a sample. Mid-infrared light (2.5 - 50 µm, 4000 - 200 cm) is energetic enough to excite molecular vibrations to higher energy levels. The wavelength of IR absorption bands is characteristic of specific types of chemical bonds. IR spectroscopy finds its greatest use in the identification of organic and organometallic molecules.
Mass spectrometers separate ions by their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. They are used to identify compounds by the mass of one or more elements in the compound. They are also used to determine the isotopic composition of one or more elements in a compound.
Mechanical and structural testing services tests for stress, strain, load, shear strength, etc. This category includes tensile and compressive mechanical tests.
Microscopy and metallography study the structure and composition of materials by using low to high powered magnification with optical and electron microscopes, spectrometry, diffraction, X-ray, and other analytical techniques.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) services may include failure analysis, material analysis, and the elemental analysis (EDS) of extremely small particles. SEMs are electron microscopes in which the image is formed by synchronizing a detector with a focused electron beam that scans the object. The intensity of the image-forming beam is proportional to the back scattered or secondary emission of the specimen where the probe strikes. The magnification is controlled by the length or area scanned.
Spectroradiometric testing and calibration services can measure the spectral radiance of a light source and/or compare a spectral source to a standard source. Reference sources can include lamp standards (tungsten, halogen, arc, etc.) and integrating sphere standards. Spectral measurement services determine a material's spectral light transmission characteristics, a detector's spectral response, a mirror's specular reflectance, and a light source's spectral output (source spectral analysis, peak or dominant wavelength).
Thermal analysis uses a range of complementary techniques to determine the thermal and mechanical behavior of materials. These techniques may include thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic thermal analysis (DTA), and calorimetry.
Trace analysis can detect very low levels of metals, elements, or other chemicals within a sample. The trace level can represent co-contamination or be intentionally added as part of the process. Trace levels are measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), parts per trillion (ppt), or parts per quadrillion (ppq).
UV / Vis spectroscopy is used to determine the bulk concentration of a sample by analyzing transmitted light through the sample. Absorption patterns and other optical properties are used to determine the bulk composition.
Wet chemical analysis excludes all techniques that use instrumentation for quantitative analysis. It plays on important role in many other analytical applications including coating identification and wear metal identification.
X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (XRF) use a spectroscopic technique (commonly used with solids) in which X-rays excite a sample and generate secondary X-rays. The X-rays broadcast into the sample eject inner-shell electrons. Outer-shell electrons take the place of the ejected electrons and emit photons in the process. The wavelength of the photons depends on the energy difference between the outer-shell and inner-shell electron orbitals. The amount of X-ray fluorescence is very sample dependent and quantitative analysis requires calibration with standards that are similar to the sample matrix.
X-ray radiography is an imaging technique used commonly in medical applications. Images are produced by penetrating radiation through the test material.
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Company provides examinations, investigations, testing, forensic analysis, and/or expert witness or testimony services for legal or litigation applications.
Companies test materials used in semiconductors, electronic components, or finished products such as semiconductor wafers, packaged dies or integrated circuits (ICs), electronic packaging materials, industrial electronics, and commercial audio-visual (AV) products.
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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) formed the Codes and Standards Technology Institute (CSTI) in November 2001 to ensure that ASME standards committees are provided with a continuing source of research in the technologies that they cover. CSTI provides the research and technology development needed to establish and maintain the technical relevance of codes and standards.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) establishes standards for protective equipment. Products that are ASTM-certified comply with specific design specifications for safety.
MIL-SPEC is a procurement specification established by one or more of military agencies and used for the procurement of military supplies, equipment, or services.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) is a European Union (EU) directive that requires all manufacturers of electronic and electrical equipment sold in Europe to demonstrate that their products contain only minimal levels of the following hazardous substances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl, and polybrominated diphenyl ether. RoHS became effective on July 1, 2006.
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A2LA is the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation. A2LA accreditation is defined as formal recognition of an organization's technical competency to perform specific tests, types of tests, or calibrations.
The general requirements for laboratory accreditation are contained in ISO / IEC 17025. This standard contains quality system requirements and technical requirements that the laboratories must meet. Laboratory accreditation requirements, however, go beyond just ISO / IEC 17025.
ISO 9001: 2000 sets out the requirements for a company's quality management systems. These standards range from manufacturing to services including design and development, production, installation, and servicing. ISO 9001: 2000 standards have replaced the 1994 ISO 9000 standards.
ISO 14001 provides an internationally recognized framework for environmental management, measurement, evaluation, and auditing. ISO 14001 does not prescribe environmental performance targets, but provides organizations with the tools to assess and control the impact of their activities, products, or services on the environment.
The term "ISO 14000" refers to a family of standards: ISO 14000:1996, ISO 14001:1996, and ISO 14004:1996. ISO 14000:1996 contains vocabulary and definitions. ISO 14001:1996 contains the actual requirements with which an organization needs to comply in order to become certified. ISO 14004:1996 contains guidelines for the development and implementation of environmental management systems and principles.
Companies are certified to U.S. military or department of defense (DOD) standards, or recognized by the DOD or U.S. military as a valid environmental laboratory.
The Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) is a part of OSHA’s Directorate of Science, Technology, and Medicine. The program recognizes private sector organizations as NRTL, and recognition signifies that an organization has met the necessary qualifications specified in the regulations for the program. The NRTL determines that specific equipment and materials ("products") meet consensus-based standards of safety to provide the assurance, required by OSHA, that these products are safe for use in the U.S. workplace.
Companies are certified to state standards or recognized by the state as a valid environmental laboratory. An environmental lab can be certified in multiple states.
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Companies are located in the Northeast United States; namely Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Companies are located in the Southern United States; namely Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington D.C., and West Virginia.
Companies are located in the Midwest United States; namely Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
Companies have facilities in South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, or Chile; or in Central American countries such as Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, etc.
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