Companies tests or evaluates pneumatic components, parts, equipment, products, or systems.
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Quality audits or assessments are the independent evaluation of a company's quality assurance procedures and processes (quality manuals, QA sampling, quality control/SPC), and a determination about whether the company complies with these documents and procedures. Quality audits or assessments can also be used to compare a particular aspect of quality performance to a standard for registration purposes, or for vendor approval (qualification) by an OEM or prime contractor.
Certification services verify that the company's products, parts, services, process, quality system, or procedures comply with or conform to industrial, OEM-specific, or third-party standards.
Companies offer training and consulting related to testing, inspection, test methods or techniques, regulations, regulatory impact, and/or the registration process.
First articles are pre-production or pilot-run samples evaluated to assure conformance to the specified standards, procedures and contract requirements. Contract quality assurance (QA) provider’s sample, inspect, test, or evaluate production samples, sites or facilities, processes or procedures. First article inspection and third-party QA services are often requirements for some medical or aerospace production or government contracts.
Companies design, install, and/or operate data acquisition systems or test instrumentation in on-site field facilities, off-site labs, or for specific end-use applications.
Evaluation or inspection is the process used to determine if a product, service, component, facility, or quality system meets specific standards, performance criteria, or OEM-specific requirements.
Companies provide qualification or commissioning assessments. Large facilities, capital equipment, or production plants may require an external third-party evaluation before the project or facility is accepted.
Research and development (R&D) services perform original investigations (research) to gain new knowledge, and/or apply research findings to create new or significantly improved products or processes (development).
Companies evaluate existing in-service or newly fabricated products through environmental exposure testing. This includes dynamics testing, nondestructive testing (NDT), visual inspection, chemical analysis, structural material testing, or other specialized test methods.
Test panel and sample preparation services simulate the effects of various products (paint, coatings, lubricants, etc.) upon test samples. Generally, these companies are used when it is not feasible to test the effects that items would have on complete products or systems.
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Companies evaluate and provide testing, inspection, or related services for facilities or buildings, building systems, construction projects and structures.
Companies evaluate and provide testing or related services for test panels; samples taken from a part, product, or facility; or fabricated simulations of a product sub-system.
Companies evaluate, assess, and/or monitor services; they also inspect, test, or certify the end results. These inspection services may evaluate companies that provide cleaning, equipment installation, repair or remanufacturing, surface preparation, or testing services. They may also evaluate and/or monitor internal procedures and production processes used within a manufacturing plant.
Companies provide testing or related services at an unlisted or specialized level or form factor.
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Acoustic testing services include the evaluation of the condition of materials, products, and equipment; acoustic analysis of signals from analog or digital recording media or products; and investigation of the effects of noise including ultrasonics and infrasonics, on people, components, materials, or products.
Acoustic emission testing is a nondestructive test (NDT) method for determining or monitoring material or structural integrity based on the release of energy detectable by analysis of the emission frequency and amplitude. Particle impact noise detection (PIND) is used to find loose internal components or debris within a device or product undergoing a simulated vibration or shock test.
Companies perform simulations of high-altitude conditions to test products that need to function in environments with extreme temperatures and low levels of oxygen.
Condition monitoring and machine maintenance services monitor the condition of machines, processes, and rotary equipment. Condition monitoring and related services include: ferrography or oil analysis (lubricant testing); alignment, position, balance evaluation and correction; and ultrasonic fault detection. Other preventive machine maintenance services perform repairs, part replacement, or lubrication replenishment on a regular basis and/or according to schedule. Condition monitoring and machine maintenance services also perform predictive maintenance (PdM) and/or preventive maintenance (PM) to maintain reliability, avoid loss of life, and prevent unplanned plant or machine shutdowns.
Companies test or inspect for corrosion's effects and for corrosion resistance. Corrosion is a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment. It causes deterioration of the material and its properties. Laboratory corrosion tests include immersion tests in corrosive solutions, and salt spray or fog tests. Field corrosion inspection or testing includes the following: thickness changes and weight loss, and process water compositional changes using ultrasonic, eddy current, mechanical gaging, coupon tests, chemical analysis, and other techniques.
Companies gage dimensional parameters or provide metrology services. Gages or metrology instruments used can include micrometers, plug gages, ring gages, universal gages, coordinate measuring machines (CMM), profilometers, optical comparators, laser micrometers, depth gages, height gages, go-no go gages and well as other mechanical, optical, pneumatic, and electronic gages. Gaging may be performed on a new component from a production line, prototypes, or for the reverse engineering of components. These tests can be performed before or after other dynamic or environmental tests.
An impact or drop test involves dropping a loaded container to determine its resistance to rupture and leakage, or to asses its ability to protect the contents from damage. This includes any test method where the package is dropped in a specified manner a specific number of times, or until the package fails from impact.
Companies offer engineering verification, including basic functional testing, parametric measurements, and specification verification. Design verification testing (DVT) is a rigorous process that subjects the product to repeated functional, temperature, shock, vibration, and exception testing.
Companies offer ergonomic or usability testing to help design human-machine systems that meet human needs, especially regarding work environments, efficiency, and safety. Often, ergonomics is used synonymously with the term "human factors."
Companies offer fatigue testing based on cyclic loads, a method used to determine the behavior of materials under fluctuating loads. Specified mean loads (which may be zero) or alternating loads are applied to a specimen and the number of cycles required to produce failure (fatigue life) is recorded. Generally, tests are repeated with identical specimens and various fluctuating loads. Loads may be applied axially, in torsion, or in flexure. The net stress in the specimen may be in one direction through the loading cycle, or in reverse direction.
Data from fatigue testing is often presented in an S-N diagram, which is a plot of the number of cycles required to cause failure in a specimen against the amplitude of the cyclical stress developed. The cyclical stress represented may be stress amplitude, maximum stress, or minimum stress. Each curve in the diagram represents a constant mean stress. Most fatigue tests are conducted in flexure, rotating beam, or vibratory type machines.
Flow tests are commonly used in evaluations of hydraulic, pneumatic, hydrogen, fuel cell, and gas handling equipment. Flow tests evaluate the speed at which fluid (liquid or gas) can move through tubing, pipe, hose, piping system, mixers, pumps, valves, and other fluid handling components. Flow testing may also examine the type of flow phenomenon occurring such turbulent flow, cavitation, or laminar flow.
Failure analysis is the evaluation of a product and product failure to determine the underlying cause of the failure. Failure analysis results are used to correct design flaws.
Troubleshooting is diagnostic or corrective maintenance performed to correct an existing problem. This differs from preventive maintenance, which is performed proactively in order to prevent system problems. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a specialized methodology for analyzing failures.
Oil analysis and fluids testing encompasses the evaluation of oils, fuels, lubricants, coolants, greases, EDM fluids, transformer insulating oils, and other industrial fluids using a variety of tests. Testing can include ferrography, viscosity (stokes or kinematic), elemental analysis, spectroscopy (FT-IR, GC-MS), crackle, oxidation, foam, determination of drop point, % sediment, particle count, dielectric strength, specific gravity, surface tension, water content, pour point, cloud point, and other specific fluid properties effecting machine performance or equipment operation.
Ferrography is the separation and analysis of metallic (ferrous or ferromagnetic) wear particles from a lubricant or fluid. Ferrography or wear particle analysis is used to monitor lubricant or machine condition.
Pressure testing includes pressurized liquid or gas exposure, hydrostatic burst tests, pressure rating determination, and identification of changes occurring at high pressures. Pressure tests are commonly used to evaluate hydraulic, pneumatic, or gas handling equipment.
Reliability or robustness measures a system's invulnerability to potentially corrupting influences. This testing is especially important when components in a system fail.
There are two types of electrical safety tests: type tests and routine production tests. Type tests are performed during the approvals process by test houses. Routine production tests are performed at each end of the production line by the manufacturer.
Companies offer conventional stress screening, which uses vibration or dynamic and thermal stress to verify the suitability of production products or components. Highly accelerated stress screening (HASS) uses higher climatic and mechanical stimuli to provide shorter test times compared to conventional stress testing.
Companies offer thermal cycling or thermal shock testing services. Repeated hot and cold cycles (thermal cycling) or rapid temperature changes (thermal shock) can result in high levels of cyclic stress due to thermal expansion.
Companies use thermal imaging, thermography, or infrared cameras to inspect and identify hot spots, heat leakage or overheating components in buildings and equipment. Thermography can identify overheating in circuit breakers or load centers, and damaged or worn bearings. Thermal imaging is used to locate faulty or missing insulation or refractories around furnaces, ovens, building walls or heating ducts, steam lines, and other thermal processing equipment.
Companies offer vibration analysis or testing services. Vibration testing may include bounce, sine, or random vibration testing services. Bounce tests are often used to simulate certain transportation conditions. Vibration analysis is used to detect and assess the condition of product, rotary machines, and other equipment.
Companies provide visual or video inspection of components, products, equipment, pipeline, pressure vessels, weld, process lines, machinery installations, and other applications.
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Accelerated testing and screening includes highly accelerated life testing (HALT) and highly accelerated stress screening (HASS). The results from HALT testing are used to set test limits for production screening or HASS tests. The operating and/or destruct limits derived from HALT testing allows the use of higher climatic and mechanical stimuli, resulting in shorter test times in HASS compared to conventional stress testing. HALT is a process developed to uncover design defects and weaknesses in electronic and mechanical assemblies using vibration testing, combined with rapid high and low temperature changes. HALT addresses reliability issues at an early stage in product development, offering significant advantages over traditional techniques.
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AS9000 is a set of quality guidelines and requirements published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in cooperation with major aerospace manufacturers. AS9000 is based on ISO 900,1 but maintains a particular focus on the aerospace industry.
ASME International formed the Codes and Standards Technology Institute (CSTI) in November 2001 to ensure that ASME standards committees have continuing sources of research in the technologies that they cover. CSTI provides the research and technology development needed to establish and maintain the technical relevance of codes and standards.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) establishes standards for protective equipment. ASTM-certified means the product complies with certain design specifications for safety.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) CB Scheme is an international system for the acceptance of test reports regarding the safety of electrical and electronic products. Manufacturers with a CB test report issued by a participating organization can obtain certification in all other member countries of the CB Scheme. Each certifying agency issues CB test certificates to attest that product samples have successfully passed the appropriate tests.
CCC stands for China Compulsory Certification and requires manufacturers in 132 product categories to obtain the CCC Mark before exporting to or selling in the Chinese market. The CCC Mark became effective on May 1, 2002. The two previous systems (CCIB and CCEE or Great Wall) caused a great deal of inconvenience for enterprises dealing in both domestic and foreign trade by carrying different national quality standards.
The European community requires CE marks for all electric and electronic equipment that will be sold, or put into service for the first time anywhere in Europe.
Products that bear a CSA Mark have been tested by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and meet applicable standards for safety and/or performance. These standards are written and administered by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), and CSA International. CSA Marks may appear alone or with indicators. CSA Marks that appear alone are used with products certified primarily for the Canadian market, to the applicable Canadian standards. CSA Marks that appear with the indicators “C” and “US” or “NRTL/C” is used with products certified for both the U.S. and Canadian markets, to the applicable U.S. and Canadian standards.
The Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (InMetro) or the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality establish measurement and quality standards in Brazil. Within Brazil, Inmetro is responsible for the activities of accreditation of certification bodies, inspection bodies, product performance verification bodies and training bodies, and for the activities of accreditation of testing and calibration laboratories.
The Gost R certification system was established in 2004 by the Russian Federation government for to provide national standards and requirements for the accreditation of certification bodies of products or quality systems; and testing and calibrating laboratories.
The GS Mark (Geprüfte Sicherheit, meaning Safety Tested) indicates that an electrical, mechanical, or electro-mechanical product was tested and complies with the minimum requirements of the German Equipment and Product Safety Act (GPSG). The GS Mark is a licensed mark of the German government and may only be issued by an accredited product safety testing and certification agency.
ISO 9001: 2000 sets out the requirements for a company's quality management systems. These standards range from manufacturing to services including design and development, production, installation, and servicing. ISO 9001: 2000 standard have replaced the 1994 ISO 9000 standards.
ISO 13485/8 outlines the general requirements for quality management systems for medical device suppliers and related services. ISO 13485/8 provides requirements for design, development, production, installation, and servicing of medical devices.
ISO 14001 provides an internationally recognized framework for environmental management, measurement, evaluation, and auditing. ISO 14001 does not prescribe environmental performance targets, but provides organizations with the tools to assess and control the impact of their activities, products or services, on the environment.
The term "ISO 14000" refers to a family of standards: ISO 14000:1996, ISO 14001:1996, and ISO 14004:1996. ISO 14000:1996 contains vocabulary and definitions. ISO 14001:1996 contains the actual requirements with which an organization needs to comply in order to become certified. ISO 14004:1996 contains guidelines for the development and implementation of environmental management systems and principles.
ISO/TS 16949:2002 is an ISO Technical Specification that aligns existing American (QS-9000), German (VDA6.1), French (EAQF), and Italian (AVSQ) automotive quality systems standards for the global automotive industry.
ISO 17020 outlines the general requirements for the competence of inspection services providers, inspection bodies, or inspectors. Inspection companies or qualified inspectors examine products, parts, equipment, services, installations, repairs, and facilities to assure quality and conformity to required standards and/or procedures.
Suppliers certify or test to UL, ETL, CSA or other NRTL standards required to obtain an NRTL Mark. The laboratory can issue an NRTL mark if the laboratory is part of an NRTL or is an authorized agent of an NRTL. NRTLs use their specific “marks” (e.g., UL, S Mark, CSA, etc.) to certify products. NRTLs publish standards that other laboratories use to test and qualify products to.
The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Raad voor Accreditatie (RvA) for the following product certification programs: food equipment, drinking water additives, plastics and plumbing products, drinking water treatment systems, biohazard cabinetry, swimming pools, spas and hot tubs, bottled water and packaged ice, and water treatment units. Companies with NSF-certified products under an ANSI or RvA accredited program may use NSF Accreditation Marks in combination with the NSF Mark.
QS-9000 is a quality standard for suppliers of DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation. QS-9000 is based on the 1994 edition of ISO 9001, but contains additional requirements that are particular to the automotive industry. Specifically, QS-9000 applies to suppliers of production materials, production and service parts, heat treating, painting and plating, and other finishing services.
The S Mark is a European safety mark valid throughout the EU and a recognized symbol of safety since 1926. The S Mark is a symbol of electrical safety and evidence to authorities that an independent body has independently tested and certified a product’s compliance to applicable European safety requirements.
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A2LA is the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation. A2LA accreditation is defined as formal recognition of an organization's technical competency to perform specific tests, types of tests, or calibrations.
The general requirements for laboratory accreditation are contained in ISO / IEC 17025. This standard contains quality system requirements and technical requirements that the laboratories must meet. Laboratory accreditation requirements go beyond just ISO / IEC 17025.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) functions as the administrator and coordinator of the United States' private-sector voluntary standardization system, including nearly 1000 company, organization, government agency, institutional, and international members. Standards information, conformity assessment, a reference library, and other services are available here.
Laboratories that are accredited by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) participate in one or more of ASTM's Interlaboratory Crosscheck and Proficiency Testing Programs, or are assessed according to applicable ASTM standards or guides such as the E1580-93(2002) Standard Guide for Surveillance of Accredited Laboratories. Assessing bodies and not ASTM make the actual conformity to ASTM standard guides.
Laboratories that are accredited or accepted by the China Accreditation Committee for Laboratories (CNAL) test products such as home appliances, luminaries, power tools, power supplies, switches and chargers.
The Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (InMetro) or the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality establish measurement and quality standards in Brazil. Within Brazil, Inmetro is responsible for the activities of accreditation of certification bodies, inspection bodies, product performance verification bodies and training bodies, and for the activities of accreditation of testing and calibration laboratories.
ISO 9001: 2000 sets out the requirements for a company's quality management systems. These standards range from manufacturing to services including design and development, production, installation and servicing. ISO 9001: 2000 standard have replaced the 1994 ISO 9000 standards.
ISO 17020 outlines the general requirements for the competence of inspection services providers, inspection bodies or inspectors. Inspection companies or qualified inspectors examine products, parts, equipment, services, installations, repairs and facilities to assure quality, consistency, condition and conformance to required standards and/or procedures.
The Japanese Accreditation Board (JAB) for conformity assessment was established in 1993 by Keidanren (Japan Federation of Economic Organizations). JAB developed and established third party conformity assessment schemes in Japan. JAB provides accreditation programs for testing and inspection bodies, certification bodies, training bodies and medical laboratories.
Notified or competent body accreditation indicates laboratories that are recognized for meeting the product testing requirements according to SWEDAC, EN, ISO, ISO/IEC or other European organizations or standards bodies.
Laboratory is an NRTL (recognized by OSHA, etc.) or agent or representative laboratory of an NRTL (qualified by the NRTL to perform tests). NRTL stands for Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory recognition. A part of OSHA’s Directorate of Science, Technology, and Medicine. The Program recognizes private sector organizations as NRTLs, and recognition signifies that an organization has met the necessary qualifications specified in the regulations for the Program. The NRTL determines that specific equipment and materials ("products") meet consensus-based standards of safety to provide the assurance, required by OSHA, that these products are safe for use in the U.S. workplace.
Raad voor Accreditatie (RvA) is the Dutch Accreditation Council. The RvA is the only accreditation body in the Netherlands that works in the public field. RvA provides accreditation programs for testing, calibration, inspection and laboratories as well as registrars or certification bodies.
The United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) is the sole national accreditation body recognized by government of the United Kingdom to assess, against internationally agreed standards, organizations or bodies that provide quality system registration, certification, testing, inspection, calibration and proficiency testing.
Laboratories that are accredited or accepted by the VCCI test IT and telecommunications equipment to voluntary guidelines for emissions. The regulation of interference generated by computing devices is well established in Japan, but its implementation differs somewhat from that in other countries. Emissions control is performed on a voluntary basis, under the supervision of the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Information Technology Equipment (VCCI).
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