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Companies evaluate and provide testing, inspection, or related services for large machinery, plant product systems, and capital equipment such as paper mill machines, rolling mills, extruders, semiconductor fab tools, and other critical production equipment.
Companies evaluate and provide testing, inspection, or related services for facilities or buildings, building systems, construction projects and structures.
Companies evaluate and provide testing or related services for test panels; samples taken from a part, product, or facility; or fabricated simulations of a product sub-system.
Companies provide testing or related services at an unlisted or specialized level or form factor.
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Companies evaluated alternative or renewable energy products such as fuel cells, photovoltaics or PV cells, solar power systems, wind turbines, hydro turbines, and flywheel power systems.
Companies test energy storage products such as batteries, battery parts, fuel cells, flywheels, supercapacitors, hydrogen storage systems, ultracapacitors and other emerging energy storage systems.
Companies test or validate drugs or pharmaceutical products. This includes the testing of commercial and industrial pharmaceutical equipment for production, encapsulation, and packaging.
Companies test electrical power distribution parts and products such as circuit breakers, busbars, switch gears, electrical boxes or enclosures, panel boards, power cords, plugs, and receptacles.
Companies tests food or beverage products. This includes the testing of commercial and industrial food equipment for preparation, cooking and refrigeration, and food or beverage products.
Companies test fuel, gas & oil equipment or related products. Testing ranges from energy content analysis for fuels to safety testing for fuel, gas and oil distribution equipment. The fuel, gas and oil handling products include devices designed to withstand explosions and exposure to fumes and radiation.
Companies test equipment or products designed for use in locations where hazardous situations are expected. These products include devices designed to withstand explosions and exposure to fumes and radiation.
Companies test, evaluate or analyze component, products, procedures or systems for distributing, handling, and processing hydrogen or other industrial gases. Hydrogen related products or equipment could include storage cylinders, reformers, dissociators, manifolds, gas compressors, cryogenic equipment, pumps, valves, pressure regulators, flow controllers, and distribution systems.
Companies provide examinations, investigations, testing, forensic analysis, and/or expert witness or testimony services for legal or litigation applications.
Companies tests or evaluates the safety, energy efficiency, and performance of transformers, DC to AC inverters, DC adapters, power supplies or other energy conversion devices.
Companies tests or evaluates the safety, energy efficiency and performance of engine generators, solar power systems, fuel cells, and other power generators.
Companies tests or evaluates safety or personal protective equipment (PPE) components, parts, equipment, products, or systems. PPE includes safety gloves, clothing, helmets, face shield, eyewear, and ear protection.
Microelectronics or semiconductor testing includes the evaluation of semiconductor wafers, packaged dies, or integrated circuits (ICs). Electronics testing includes the evaluation of electronic assemblies, passive devices, printed circuit boards (PCBs), power electronics modules, commercial audio/visual (AV) devices, and other specialty electronic products.
Semiconductor, microelectronic, and IC package testing includes testing at the wafer, die, or packaged IC level. Semiconductor and IC package testing services may provide wafer sort and packaging services in addition to component evaluation. In the packaging process, fabricated wafers are cut into dies and then "packaged" in a lead frame or other system, which protects the chip and allows interconnection to the electronic circuit on the PCB, module, or product.
Wafer sort is wafer-level testing where the individual dies are tested for defects and then marked before the packaging process. Defective dies are rejected, which avoids unnecessary packaging costs. After the packaging and interconnect is complete, the packaged device may be put through additional functional or burn-in testing; this is often done using automated test equipment (ATE).
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Quality audits or assessments are the independent evaluation of a company's quality assurance procedures and processes (quality manuals, QA sampling, quality control/SPC), and a determination about whether the company complies with these documents and procedures. Quality audits or assessments can also be used to compare a particular aspect of quality performance to a standard for registration purposes, or for vendor approval (qualification) by an OEM or prime contractor.
Companies evaluate existing in-service or newly fabricated products through environmental exposure testing. This includes dynamics testing, nondestructive testing (NDT), visual inspection, chemical analysis, structural material testing, or other specialized test methods.
Certification services verify that the company's products, parts, services, process, quality system, or procedures comply with or conform to industrial, OEM-specific, or third-party standards.
Companies offer training and consulting related to testing, inspection, test methods or techniques, regulations, regulatory impact, and/or the registration process.
Companies design, install, and/or operate data acquisition systems or test instrumentation in on-site field facilities, off-site labs, or for specific end-use applications.
Evaluation or inspection is the process used to determine if a product, service, component, facility, or quality system meets specific standards, performance criteria, or OEM-specific requirements.
Companies offer initial evaluations prior to the final qualifying assessment required for formal certification or registration. The supplier may also provide a gap analysis identifying the areas and corrective actions that need to be taken to achieve compliance or attain certification.
Companies provide umpire or proficiency testing services. These evaluations compare the test results of the same sample, which have been tested by different laboratories. Umpire assayers or referee testers compare results from two or more other labs to their own rigorous internal assays or tests. Interlaboratory comparisons, round robins, or proficiency testing services are a valuable continuous improvement tool that translates into improved measurement quality.
Companies assist in the development of a quality management system, quality manuals, process control procedures, process documentation, QA documents, process control, SPC guidelines, and/or establishment of a plan for certification or registration.
Companies provide qualification or commissioning assessments. Large facilities, capital equipment, or production plants may require an external third-party evaluation before the project or facility is accepted.
Companies have the authority or accreditations to register that a client's quality management system meets the required industrial standards or qualifications.
Research and development (R&D) services perform original investigations (research) to gain new knowledge, and/or apply research findings to create new or significantly improved products or processes (development).
Test panel and sample preparation services simulate the effects of various products (paint, coatings, lubricants, etc.) upon test samples. Generally, these companies are used when it is not feasible to test the effects that items would have on complete products or systems.
Witness capability indicates the supplier, laboratory, or certification authority has to the ability to witness that tests or inspections performed by a manufacturer or second party field comply with the required procedures and standards. Review capability indicates that the supplier, laboratory, or certification authority provides an evaluation of the test afterwards to assure that the tests were done to the required standards.
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AS9000 is a set of quality guidelines and requirements published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in cooperation with major aerospace manufacturers. AS9000 is based on ISO 900,1 but maintains a particular focus on the aerospace industry.
ASME International formed the Codes and Standards Technology Institute (CSTI) in November 2001 to ensure that ASME standards committees have continuing sources of research in the technologies that they cover. CSTI provides the research and technology development needed to establish and maintain the technical relevance of codes and standards.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) establishes standards for protective equipment. ASTM-certified means the product complies with certain design specifications for safety.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) CB Scheme is an international system for the acceptance of test reports regarding the safety of electrical and electronic products. Manufacturers with a CB test report issued by a participating organization can obtain certification in all other member countries of the CB Scheme. Each certifying agency issues CB test certificates to attest that product samples have successfully passed the appropriate tests.
CCC stands for China Compulsory Certification and requires manufacturers in 132 product categories to obtain the CCC Mark before exporting to or selling in the Chinese market. The CCC Mark became effective on May 1, 2002. The two previous systems (CCIB and CCEE or Great Wall) caused a great deal of inconvenience for enterprises dealing in both domestic and foreign trade by carrying different national quality standards.
The European community requires CE marks for all electric and electronic equipment that will be sold, or put into service for the first time anywhere in Europe.
The International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) prepares standards for the higher end of the frequency range, from 9 kHz upward. These standards protect radio reception from interference sources such as electrical appliances of all types; the electricity supply system; industrial, scientific and electro-medical RF; broadcasting receivers (sound and TV) and IT equipment (ITE).
Products that bear a CSA Mark have been tested by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and meet applicable standards for safety and/or performance. These standards are written and administered by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), and CSA International. CSA Marks may appear alone or with indicators. CSA Marks that appear alone are used with products certified primarily for the Canadian market, to the applicable Canadian standards. CSA Marks that appear with the indicators “C” and “US” or “NRTL/C” is used with products certified for both the U.S. and Canadian markets, to the applicable U.S. and Canadian standards.
C-Tick is a certification trademark registered to the Australian Communications Authority (ACA) under the Trade Marks Act of 1995, and to the Radio Spectrum Management Group (RSM) in New Zealand under Section 47 of the New Zealand Trade Marks Act. C-Tick marks must be used in accordance with governing regulations and are therefore issued only to suppliers based in Australia or New Zealand. C-Tick labels are expected to be durable and limited in size, scale, and color according to regulation.
Under rules and regulations, Title 47, Part 15 Subpart B, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates all commercial electronic devices destined for sale in the United States that have clocks / oscillators that operate at a frequency greater than 9 kHz, and that use digital techniques. This includes most products that employ microprocessors, as well as RF devices.
Suppliers provide evaluations based on U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards, protocols and/or Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) or Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). This does not mean the products have FDA approval.
The Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (InMetro) or the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality establish measurement and quality standards in Brazil. Within Brazil, Inmetro is responsible for the activities of accreditation of certification bodies, inspection bodies, product performance verification bodies and training bodies, and for the activities of accreditation of testing and calibration laboratories.
The Gost R certification system was established in 2004 by the Russian Federation government for to provide national standards and requirements for the accreditation of certification bodies of products or quality systems; and testing and calibrating laboratories.
The GS Mark (Geprüfte Sicherheit, meaning Safety Tested) indicates that an electrical, mechanical, or electro-mechanical product was tested and complies with the minimum requirements of the German Equipment and Product Safety Act (GPSG). The GS Mark is a licensed mark of the German government and may only be issued by an accredited product safety testing and certification agency.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a global organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic, and related technologies. IEC is the European organizational equivalent to UL.
ISO 9001: 2000 sets out the requirements for a company's quality management systems. These standards range from manufacturing to services including design and development, production, installation, and servicing. ISO 9001: 2000 standard have replaced the 1994 ISO 9000 standards.
ISO 13485/8 outlines the general requirements for quality management systems for medical device suppliers and related services. ISO 13485/8 provides requirements for design, development, production, installation, and servicing of medical devices.
ISO 14001 provides an internationally recognized framework for environmental management, measurement, evaluation, and auditing. ISO 14001 does not prescribe environmental performance targets, but provides organizations with the tools to assess and control the impact of their activities, products or services, on the environment.
The term "ISO 14000" refers to a family of standards: ISO 14000:1996, ISO 14001:1996, and ISO 14004:1996. ISO 14000:1996 contains vocabulary and definitions. ISO 14001:1996 contains the actual requirements with which an organization needs to comply in order to become certified. ISO 14004:1996 contains guidelines for the development and implementation of environmental management systems and principles.
ISO/TS 16949:2002 is an ISO Technical Specification that aligns existing American (QS-9000), German (VDA6.1), French (EAQF), and Italian (AVSQ) automotive quality systems standards for the global automotive industry.
ISO 17020 outlines the general requirements for the competence of inspection services providers, inspection bodies, or inspectors. Inspection companies or qualified inspectors examine products, parts, equipment, services, installations, repairs, and facilities to assure quality and conformity to required standards and/or procedures.
The International State Transit Association (ISTA) offers performance testing relative to packaged-product distribution. Transport packaging tested in an ISTA Certified Laboratory may be certified as Transit Tested.
NOM standards are the official Mexican product safety requirements. Electrical, electronic, medical, wireless, and telecom products sold in Mexico must be tested to the mandatory NOM standards by an accredited Mexican laboratory. Testing may be conducted by a laboratory outside of Mexico if it has a laboratory-to-laboratory mutual recognition agreement with an accredited Mexican laboratory, or by an accredited lab in a country free-trade agreement with Mexico.
Suppliers certify or test to UL, ETL, CSA or other NRTL standards required to obtain an NRTL Mark. The laboratory can issue an NRTL mark if the laboratory is part of an NRTL or is an authorized agent of an NRTL. NRTLs use their specific “marks” (e.g., UL, S Mark, CSA, etc.) to certify products. NRTLs publish standards that other laboratories use to test and qualify products to.
The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Raad voor Accreditatie (RvA) for the following product certification programs: food equipment, drinking water additives, plastics and plumbing products, drinking water treatment systems, biohazard cabinetry, swimming pools, spas and hot tubs, bottled water and packaged ice, and water treatment units. Companies with NSF-certified products under an ANSI or RvA accredited program may use NSF Accreditation Marks in combination with the NSF Mark.
OHSAS 18001 is the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System standard developed by a number of countries to address health and safety issues. OHSAS 18001 is loosely based on the ISO 14001:1996 Environmental Management System standard, although OHSAS 18001 is not an ISO standard.
The PSE Mark is a mandatory mark required on Electrical Appliances in Japan as authorized by the Electrical Appliance and Material Safety Law (DENAN). The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) administers the PSE Mark system. Products regulated are categorized as Specified Products (SPs) or Non-Specified Products (NPSs) according to the DENAN law. Specified Products (PSs) should meet compliance standards, and be certified by a METI accredited Conformity Assessment Body. Non-Specified Products (NPSs) should meet compliance standards, but do have to be certified by a METI accredited Conformity Assessment Body.
QS-9000 is a quality standard for suppliers of DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation. QS-9000 is based on the 1994 edition of ISO 9001, but contains additional requirements that are particular to the automotive industry. Specifically, QS-9000 applies to suppliers of production materials, production and service parts, heat treating, painting and plating, and other finishing services.
The American Chemistry Council (ACC) established the RC 14001 as a technical specification for responsible care programs or management systems for both environmental and health and safety. The RC 14000 specification incorporates all ISO 14001 standard requirements. Key aspects of RC 14000 compliant systems include community outreach and distribution.
Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) is a European Union (EU) directive that requires all manufacturers of electronic and electrical equipment sold in Europe to demonstrate that their products contain only minimal levels of the following hazardous substances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl, and polybrominated diphenyl ether. RoHS became effective on July 1, 2006.
SA8000, an international standard for assessing the social accountability of companies, outlines audit requirements to evaluate workplace conditions. The workplace conditions are inspected for child labor, forced labor, health and safety, freedom of association, discrimination, disciplinary practices, working hours, compensation, and management’s responsibility to maintain and improve working conditions.
SA8000 is not an ISO-series standard. UL is not accredited to perform certification assessments to SA8000; non-certification assessments to the requirements of SA8000 may be performed though CITS.
The S Mark is a European safety mark valid throughout the EU and a recognized symbol of safety since 1926. The S Mark is a symbol of electrical safety and evidence to authorities that an independent body has independently tested and certified a product’s compliance to applicable European safety requirements.
Telecordia / Bellcore provide mathematical reliability models for most types of electrical and electronic components. These reliability models are based on component parameters such as number of transistors, power dissipation, and environmental factors.
TL 9000 provides quality system requirements for telecommunications hardware, software, and services providers. The QuEST forum (The Quality Excellence for Suppliers of Telecommunications Leadership) was originally developed the TL 9000 requirements using ISO 9000 as a baseline.
VCCI is the regulation of interference generated by computing devices. This is well established in Japan; however, its implementation differs from that in other countries. Emissions control is performed on a voluntary basis, under the supervision of the Voluntary Control Council for Interference (VCCI) by Information Technology Equipment.
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) establishes standards to ensure the quality of medicines for human and veterinary use. USP also develops authoritative information about the appropriate use of medicines.
Waste Electrical and Electronics Equipment (WEEE) is a European Union (EU) directive that is designed to encourage the reuse, recycling, and recovery of electrical and electronic equipment. It also makes producers responsible for financing these activities. For their part, retailers and distributors must provide a way for consumers to return used or obsolete equipment without charge. WEEE became effective on August 1, 2005.
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A2LA is the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation. A2LA accreditation is defined as formal recognition of an organization's technical competency to perform specific tests, types of tests, or calibrations.
The general requirements for laboratory accreditation are contained in ISO / IEC 17025. This standard contains quality system requirements and technical requirements that the laboratories must meet. Laboratory accreditation requirements go beyond just ISO / IEC 17025.
The ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board (ANAB) is the U.S. accreditation body for management system registrars or Certification Bodies (CBs).
ANAB's website states, "The ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board (ANAB) was established January 1, 2005. Previously, the accreditation activities of ANAB were operated by the ANSI-RAB National Accreditation Program (NAP) under a partnership agreement. ANAB had it roots in the Registrar Accreditation Board (RAB), which was established in 1989 by the American Society for Quality (ASQ). RAB's original mission was to provide accreditation services for ISO 9000 certification bodies (CBs). When RAB was created, it immediately sought to strengthen the U.S. system for CB accreditation by pursuing a formal relationship with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). In 1991, ANSI and RAB joined forces to establish the American National Accreditation Program for Registrars of Quality Systems. In 1996, with the release of the ISO 14000 standards, the ANSI-RAB NAP was formed, replacing the original joint program. ANAB is a member of the International Accreditation Forum and a signatory of the IAF multilateral cooperative arrangements (MLAs) for QMS and EMS."
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) functions as the administrator and coordinator of the United States' private-sector voluntary standardization system, including nearly 1000 company, organization, government agency, institutional, and international members. Standards information, conformity assessment, a reference library, and other services are available here.
Laboratories that are accredited by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) participate in one or more of ASTM's Interlaboratory Crosscheck and Proficiency Testing Programs, or are assessed according to applicable ASTM standards or guides such as the E1580-93(2002) Standard Guide for Surveillance of Accredited Laboratories. Assessing bodies and not ASTM make the actual conformity to ASTM standard guides.
Laboratories that are accredited or accepted by the China Accreditation Committee for Laboratories (CNAL) test products such as home appliances, luminaries, power tools, power supplies, switches and chargers.
Under Rules and Regulations, Title 47, Part 15 Subpart B, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates all commercial electronic devices (unintentional radio-frequency radiators) destined for sale in the United States that have clocks / oscillators that operate at a frequency greater than 9 kHz and that use digital techniques. This includes most products that employ microprocessors, as well as RF devices.
Laboratory or facility is in compliance with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) or current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) and is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) registered.
Laboratories are accredited or approved by the International Electrotechnical Commission of Electrical Equipment (IECEE) to test electrical or electronic products.
The Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (InMetro) or the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality establish measurement and quality standards in Brazil. Within Brazil, Inmetro is responsible for the activities of accreditation of certification bodies, inspection bodies, product performance verification bodies and training bodies, and for the activities of accreditation of testing and calibration laboratories.
ISO 9001: 2000 sets out the requirements for a company's quality management systems. These standards range from manufacturing to services including design and development, production, installation and servicing. ISO 9001: 2000 standard have replaced the 1994 ISO 9000 standards.
ISO 17020 outlines the general requirements for the competence of inspection services providers, inspection bodies or inspectors. Inspection companies or qualified inspectors examine products, parts, equipment, services, installations, repairs and facilities to assure quality, consistency, condition and conformance to required standards and/or procedures.
The Japanese Accreditation Board (JAB) for conformity assessment was established in 1993 by Keidanren (Japan Federation of Economic Organizations). JAB developed and established third party conformity assessment schemes in Japan. JAB provides accreditation programs for testing and inspection bodies, certification bodies, training bodies and medical laboratories.
Laboratories are accredited as certifying bodies by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) to test products. METI accreditation allows a laboratory to perform EMC and safety testing necessary to obtain the mandatory S Mark certification for products sold in Japan. The new standards have been in place since August 2004 for Electrical Appliances and Materials, as defined under the DENAN Law, for products manufactured in or imported to Japan.
Notified or competent body accreditation indicates laboratories that are recognized for meeting the product testing requirements according to SWEDAC, EN, ISO, ISO/IEC or other European organizations or standards bodies.
Laboratory is an NRTL (recognized by OSHA, etc.) or agent or representative laboratory of an NRTL (qualified by the NRTL to perform tests). NRTL stands for Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory recognition. A part of OSHA’s Directorate of Science, Technology, and Medicine. The Program recognizes private sector organizations as NRTLs, and recognition signifies that an organization has met the necessary qualifications specified in the regulations for the Program. The NRTL determines that specific equipment and materials ("products") meet consensus-based standards of safety to provide the assurance, required by OSHA, that these products are safe for use in the U.S. workplace.
Raad voor Accreditatie (RvA) is the Dutch Accreditation Council. The RvA is the only accreditation body in the Netherlands that works in the public field. RvA provides accreditation programs for testing, calibration, inspection and laboratories as well as registrars or certification bodies.
The United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) is the sole national accreditation body recognized by government of the United Kingdom to assess, against internationally agreed standards, organizations or bodies that provide quality system registration, certification, testing, inspection, calibration and proficiency testing.
Laboratories that are accredited or accepted by the VCCI test IT and telecommunications equipment to voluntary guidelines for emissions. The regulation of interference generated by computing devices is well established in Japan, but its implementation differs somewhat from that in other countries. Emissions control is performed on a voluntary basis, under the supervision of the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Information Technology Equipment (VCCI).
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